hp32sii

Model:	32SII, differences from -32S

General:
	Code-Name:		Nardo?
	Features:		scientific, programmable, binary, complex,
				hyperbolics, units, solver (algebra and
				program)
	Firsts:			combined RPN and algebraic solver,
				use of RCL to build strings,
				use of equations as messages,
				algebraic equations within RPN programs,
				use of different representations for
				subtraction and minus sign in front of numbers,
				use of smaller E to indicate exponent
				fractions
	Introduction:
		Date:		1991-3-1
		Price:		$69.95
	Discontinuation:
		Date:		1999-?-?
		Price:		?
	Production-Run:		?

Display:
	Number-Formats:		sign, 10 mantissa, ., exp sign, 2 exp
				sign, integer, numerator/denominator
				L## statement  (program statement on
					line ## of program L)
				L.## statement  (statements 100 to 199)
				L,## statement  (statements 200 to 299)
	Annunciators:		v^	arrows active; fraction error
				<\	left shift pressed
				/>	right shift pressed
				PRGM	program mode
				EQN	equation mode
				0	flag 0
				1	flag 1
				2	flag 2
				3	flag 3
				GRAD	grad mode
				RAD	radians mode
				HEX	hex mode
				OCT	octal mode
				BIN	binary mode
				V	soft key active
				<---	more characters to the left
				V	soft key active
				A..Z	alpha keys active
				V	soft key active
				!	attention
				V	soft key active
				battery	battery low
				V	soft key active
				--->	more characters to the right
				V	soft key active

Data:
	Data-Types-and-Sizes:	real, 8 bytes for each non-zero variable
				instructions, 1.5 bytes
				program lines and equations:
				  numbers 0-254 1.5 bytes
				  all other numbers 9.5 bytes
				  statements 1.5 bytes
				statistical data, 48 bytes max
				SOLVE calculations, 33.5 bytes
				integration, 140 bytes
				binary numbers are 36 bits

				variable with a value of 0 aren't stored

Memory:
	Named-Registers:	X, Y, Z, T, last X, A-Z, i, /c,
				  n, \GSx, \GSy, \GSx^2, \GSy^2, \GSxy
	Flags:			0-3	user, displayed
				4	user
				5	interrupt program on overflow
				6	set on overflow
				7	fraction mode
				8 (clear) fraction denominator is not
					greater than /c
				8 (set) use flag 9
				9 (clear) reduce fractions to smallest form
				9 (set)	no reduction of fractions
				10	display equations in programs
				11	prompt for equation variables when
					executing equations in programs
	Register-Usage:		i is indirect: registers are numbered
				1 to 33 (sign is ignored) designating
				A to Z, i, and the six summation registers
	Numbered-Registers:	33
	Machine-State:		prefix key state
				stack lift enable
				display contrast
				display mode
				program counter
				seven level return stack
				degrees / radians / grads
				binary mode
				radix mark
				PRGM mode
				EQN mode
				equation pointer
				FN= label
				random number seed
				flags
				current menu
				registers
				equation list
				variables
				memory

Physical:
	Processor:		?
	Chip-Count:		?

Keyboard:
	Shift-Keys:		left, orange, above left
				right, blue, above right
				alpha, white, right

Key-Labels-Base-Keyboard::

	 x		 x
\v/x	e	LN	y	1/x	\GS+
STO	RCL	Rv	SIN	COS	TAN
ENTER	x<>y	+/-	E	<-
XEQ	7	8	9	\:-
<\	4	5	6	x
/>	1	2	3	-
C	0	.	R/S	+

(The C key has a white lower label of ON.  The . key has a white lower
label of a b/c.  The R/S key has a white lower label of SPACE.)

Key-Labels-Left-Orange-Above-Left::

 2	  x
x	10	LOG	x\v/y	x!	\GS-
CMPLX	RND	HYP	ASIN	ACOS	ATAN
LAST x	[MEM]	[MODES]	[DISP]	[CLEAR]
GTO	v	^	ISG	[x?y]
[]	->\Gh,r	->HR	->DEG	[BASE]
[]	->kg	->\^oC	->cm	->l
[]	INPUT	FDISP	PRGM	LBL

Key-Labels-Right-Blue-Above-Right::

[PARTS]	[PROB]	[L.R.]	[x-,y-]	[s,\Gs]	[SUMS]
EQN	SCRL	R^	\pi	%	%CHG
SHOW	x<>	(	)	=
FN=	SOLVE	\.S	DSE	[x?0]
[]	->y,x	->HMS	->RAD	[FLAGS]
[]	->lb	->\^oF	->in	->gal
OFF	VIEW	/c	PSE	RTN

Key-Labels-Alpha-White-Right::

A	B	C	D	E	F
G	H	I	J	K	L
M	N	O	P	[]
[]	Q	R	S	[]
[]	T	U	V	[]
[]	W	X	Y	[]
[]	Z	i	(i)	[]

Programmable-Operations::

%		percent of
%CHG		percent change
+		addition
+/-		change sign
-		subtraction
->cm		convert inches to cm
->DEG		convert to degrees
->gal		convert liters to gallons
->HMS		convert to hours,minutes,seconds
->HR		convert to decimal hours
->in		convert mm to inches
->kg		convert lbm to kg
->l		convert gallons to liters
->lb		convert kg to lb
->RAD		convert to radians
->y,x		convert polar to rectangular
->\Gh,r		convert rectangular to polar
->\^oC		convert deg F to deg C
->\^oF		convert deg C to deg F
/c		set denominator (0 and 4095 set to default, 1 recalls
		current value)
0-9, .		enter digit, decimal point, or fraction
1/x		reciprocal
10^x		common exponential
ABS		absolute value
ACOS		arc cosine
ACOSH		arc hyperbolic cosine
ALL		set all display mode
ALOG		common exponential
ASIN		arc sine
ASINH		arc hyperbolic sine
ATAN		arc tangent
ATANH		arc hyperbolic tangent
b		compute y intercept
BIN		select binary mode
CF 0-9,.0-.1	clear flag
CLVARS		clear all variables
CLx		clear x
CL\GS		clear summation
CMPLX +,+/-,-,1/x,COS,e^x,LN,SIN,TAN,x,y^x,\:-	complex versions (uses
		x+yi and z+ti)
Cn,r		combinations
COS		cosine
COSH		arc cosine
DEC		select decimal mode
DEG		set degrees mode
DSE A-Z,i,(i)	decrement, skip if equal (cccccc.fffii: cccccc counter,
		fff final, ii increment)
E		start an exponent
ENG 0-9,.0-.1	set eng mode (at most 10 digits will displayed; .0 and
		.1 display 10 digits and affect when rounding to display)
ENTER		enter
EXP		natural exponential
e^x		natural exponential
FIX 0-9,.0-.1	set fix mode (at most 10 digits will displayed; .0 and
		.1 display 10 digits and affect when rounding to display)
FN= A-Z,(i)	selects labelled program as current
FP		fractional part
FS? 0-9,.0-.1	is flag set?
GRAD		set grads mode
GTO A-Z,(i)	set program counter to label
HEX		select hexadecimal mode
INPUT A-Z,i,(i)	recall variable to X and shows name and value; skipped if
		solving for this variable
INV		reciprocal
IP		integer part
ISG A-Z,i,(i)	increment, skip if greater (cccccc.fffii: cccccc counter,
		fff final, ii increment)
LASTx		recall last X
LBL A-Z		label a program
LN		natural logarithm
LOG		common logarithm
m		compute slope
n		number of items in statistics list
OCT		select octal mode
Pn,r		permutations
PSE		pause
r		compute correlation coefficient
R/S		run / stop
RAD		set radians mode
RADIX,		set , as radix
RADIX.		set . as radix
RANDOM		random number
RCL +,-,x,\:- A-Z,i,(i)	recall arithmetic
RCL A-Z,i,(i)	recall from register
RND		round to match display
RTN		return
Rv		roll down
R^		roll up
SCI 0-9,.0-.1	set sci mode (at most 10 digits will displayed; .0 and
		.1 display 10 digits and affect when rounding to display)
SEED		set random seed
SF 0-9,.0-.1	set flag
SIN		sine
SINH		hyperbolic sine
SOLVE A-Z,i,(i)	solves the current program (or equation in equation mode)
		for the specified variable
SQ		square
SQRT		square root
STO +,-,x,\:- A-Z,i,(i) storage arithmetic
STO A-Z,i,(i)	store in register
STOP		run/stop
sx		standard deviation of x
sy		standard deviation of y
TAN		tangent
TANH		hyperbolic menu
VIEW A-Z,i,(i)	display variable name and value
x		(clear menu) clear x
x		multiplication
x!		gamma function
x-		mean of x
x-w		weighted mean of x
x<0?		comparison test
x<> A-Z,i,(i)	swap with
x<>y		swap
x<y?		comparison test
x=0?		comparison test
x=y?		comparison test
x>0?		comparison test
x>y?		comparison test
XEQ A-Z,(i)	call label as subroutine
XROOT		xth root of y
x\<=0?		comparison test
x\<=y?		comparison test
x\=/0?		comparison test
x\=/y?		comparison test
x\>=0?		comparison test
x\>=y?		comparison test
x\v/y		xth root of y
x^		estimate x
x^2		square
y,x->\Gh,r	convert rectangular to polar
y-		mean of y
y^		estimate y
y^x		power
\.SFN d A-Z,i,(i) integrate current program (or equation in equation mode)
		with respect to specified variable
\:-		division
\Gh,r->y,x	convert polar to rectangular
\GS		clear summation
\GS+		add to statistics
\GS-		subtract from statistics
\GSx		return sum of x values
\Gsx		compute population standard deviation
\GSxy		return sum of xy product
\GSx^2		return sum of square of x values
\GSy		return sum of y values
\Gsy		compute population standard deviation
\GSy^2		return sum of square of y values
\pi		constant 3.14159265359
\v/x		square root

Solver Functions:

%		percent of
%CHG		percent change
(		start expression
)		end expression
+		addition
+/-		change sign
-		subtraction
->cm		convert inches to cm
->DEG		convert to degrees
->gal		convert liters to gallons
->HMS		convert to hours,minutes,seconds
->HR		convert to decimal hours
->in		convert mm to inches
->kg		convert lbm to kg
->l		convert gallons to liters
->lb		convert kg to lb
->RAD		convert to radians
->y,x		convert polar to rectangular
->\Gh,r		convert rectangular to polar
->\^oC		convert deg F to deg C
->\^oF		convert deg C to deg F
0-9, .		enter digit, decimal point, or fraction
1/x		reciprocal
10^x		common exponential
=		separate equation parts
A..Z,i,(i)	(obtained with RCL) message letter; value of variable
ABS		absolute value
ACOS		arc cosine
ACOSH		arc hyperbolic cosine
ALOG		common exponential
ASIN		arc sine
ASINH		arc hyperbolic sine
ATAN		arc tangent
ATANH		arc hyperbolic tangent
b		compute y intercept
Cn,r		combinations
COS		cosine
COSH		arc cosine
E		start an exponent
EXP		natural exponential
e^x		natural exponential
FP		fractional part
INV		reciprocal
IP		integer part
LN		natural logarithm
LOG		common logarithm
m		compute slope
n		number of items in statistics list
Pn,r		permutations
r		compute correlation coefficient
RANDOM		random number
RND		round to match display
SIN		sine
SINH		hyperbolic sine
SPACE		insert a space character
SQ		square
SQRT		square root
sx		standard deviation of x
sy		standard deviation of y
TAN		tangent
TANH		hyperbolic menu
x		(clear menu) clear x
x		multiplication
x!		gamma function
x-		mean of x
x-w		weighted mean of x
XROOT		xth root of y
x\v/y		xth root of y
x^		estimate x
x^2		square
y-		mean of y
y^		estimate y
y^x		power
\:-		division
\GSx		return sum of x values
\Gsx		compute population standard deviation
\GSxy		return sum of xy product
\GSx^2		return sum of square of x values
\GSy		return sum of y values
\Gsy		compute population standard deviation
\GSy^2		return sum of square of y values
\pi		constant 3.14159265359
\v/x		square root

Non-Programmable-Operations::

shift />	clear shift
<-		erase character or number; cancel one level of menus;
		erase last function keyed in; deletes program step
shift <\	clear shift
ALL		(clear menu) clear all
BASE		bring up menu
C		clear number or expression; cancel all menus; exit modes;
		halts program
C (ON)		on
C + +		adjust display contrast
C + -		adjust display contrast
C + 1/x		continuous self test, stop by C + LN
C + LN		reset calculator
C + y^x		one shot self test
C + \v/x + \GS+	clear all memory
CLEAR		bring up menu
DISP		bring up menu
EQN		toggle equation mode
EQN		(clear menu) clear equation (or entire calculator in program
		mode)
FDISP		toggle fraction display mode
FLAGS		bring up menu
GTO . .		set program counter to top
GTO . A-Z 00-99	set program counter to specified line of labelled program
GTO A-Z		(not in program mode) set program counter to label
L.R.		bring up menu
MEM		bring up menu
MODES		bring up menu
OFF		off
ON		on
PARTS		bring up menu
PGM		(clear menu) clear all programs (or entire calculator in
		program mode)
PGM		(mem meu) list of programs
PRGM		program / run mode
PROB		bring up menu
s,\Gs		bring up menu
SCRL		enable/disable equation scrolling
SHOW		show all digits or object
SPACE		insert a space character
SUMS		bring up menu
v		move down
VAR		list of variables
x-,y-		bring up menu
x?0		bring up 0 comparison menu
x?y		bring up y comparison menu
^		move up

Menus::

BASE:	DEC		HX	OC		BN

CLEAR:	x	VARS		ALL		\GS (normal)
CLEAR:	x	VARS		PGM		\GS (program mode)

DISP:	FX		SC	EN		ALL
	FX:	0-9,.0-.1
	SC:	0-9,.0-.1
	EN:	0-9,.0-.1
	(at most 10 digits will displayed; .0 and .1 display 10 digits
	and affect when rounding to display)

FLAGS:	SF		CF			FS?
	then enter 0-9,.0-.1

L.R.:	x^		y^	r	m	b

MEM:	remaining		VAR		PGM
	VAR:	list of variables
	PGM:	list of programs

MODES:	DG		RD	GR	.	,

PARTS:	IP		FP			ABS

PROB:	Cn,r		Pn,r		SD	R

s,\Gs:	sx		sy	\Gsx		\GSy

SUMS:	n	x	y	x^2	y^2	xy

x-,y-:	x-		y-			x-,w

x?0:	\=/	\<=	<	>	\>=	=

x?y:	\=/	\<=	<	>	\>=	=

Bugs/ROM-Versions::

These bugs were posted to Comp.sys.handhelds on 30 April 1991) by
Stephen J. Thomas (sjthomas@cup.portal.com):

1) The "Factors of Denominator" mode sometimes produces denominators 
which are not factors.  In these cases, the 32SII seems to display
the "Most Precise Mode" fraction, so this is a minor bug. Example:

	SF 8
	CF 9
	8 /c
	3
	1/x

You see 0 1/3, but 3 isn't a factor of 8.

2) The "Fixed Denominator" mode (SF 8, SF 9) sometimes produces 
denominators other than the specified one, along with incorrect 
numerators.  The amount of the error can be about +/- 1.  HP is  now
sending a manual addendum recommending that Flag 9 not be used at
all. Example:

	SF8 
	SF 9
	1
	ENTER
	ENTER
	ENTER
	8 /c
	32
	1/x	(which is 0.03125)

You see v 0 7/8 (which is 0.875) but should see ^ 0 0/8.  (Recall that
^ and v are the up- and down-arrows.)

Now press + repeatedly.  You'll see:

	v 1 7/8
	v 2 1/2
	v 4
	v 4 3/4
	v 5 3/5
	v 6 1/2
	v 7 3/7

etc...  all of which are WAY off, and very few of which have a "fixed"
denominator of 8.

3) The "Most Precise" mode (CF 8, CF 9) and the "Factors of 
Denominator" mode (SF 8, CF 9) sometimes violate the commutativity of
addition, and produce incorrect results.  This only occurs when the x
value is close to 1/8 of the /c value, and the last two digits of the
LASTx register's exponent are nonzero.  The worst error this can
produce is approximately +/- 0.125, which makes this a substantial
bug. Example:

	CF 8
	CF 9
	8 /c
	32
	1/x

See v 1/8, but it should be ^ 0 0/8. Pressing:

	0
	+

gives ^ 0, but:

	32
	1/x
	0
	x<>y
	+

gives  v 0 1/8 . Addition should be commutative. The LASTx value is
causing the problems.

In late March, I called HP's Technical Support department about 
problems with the fraction system (actually, at that time, I only knew 
about bug 1).  The HP employee stated that the 32SII can give 
incorrect answers when using fractions (although she would not go into 
any details about what problems were known), and that HP would likely 
be instituting some type of exchange program this summer.  She 
suggested I call back after April 1 for details.  I did call back, 
left a message, and haven't heard back from them yet.  I suppose I'll 
try again after May 1. 

Notes::

Fraction mode works like this:

- Entry is with with . key.  To enter 3 1/2, type: "3 . 1 . 2".

- Omitted digits have these effects:

	. 1 . 3		enters 0 1/3
	1 . . 3		enters 0 1/3
	1 . 3 .		enters 1.3	(it would be nice if this instead
					entered 1 3/c instead)

- Entry of fractions can happen at any time, regardless of fraction
display mode.

- Numbers are always stored in decimal.  Fraction mode only applies
when the number is displayed (and the RND function).

	If so, why all those fraction-related bugs?

- The /c register stores the denominator.  It can be in the range 0 to
4095.  Storing a value into the /c register also turns on fraction
display (flag 7).

- Fraction display mode (flag 7) is an alternate display mode to
SCI/FIX/ENG.  If set, the SCI/FIX/ENG is not used and fractions are
used.  If not set, SCI/FIX/ENG is used as normal.

- The ^ and v indicators tell where the true value is in relation to
the displayed fraction.

- Fractions come in three flavors:

flag 8	flag 9

clear	-	most precise: the closest fraction with a denominator
		<= /c is used.

set	clear	factors of denominator: the closest fraction with a
		denominator that is a factor of  /c is used.

set	set	fixed denominator: fractions not reduced; denominators
		is always /c.

Examples of the display of 2.77:

	flag 8	flag 9	/c = 4095	/c = 16

	clear	-	2 77/100	^ 2 10/13
	set	clear	^ 2 1051/1365	^ 2 3/4
	set	set	^ 2 3153/4095	^ 2 12/16


Equations work like this:

- Equations are unnamed and kept in an ordered list.

- There are three forms:

	equalities	expr=expr
	assignments	var=expr
	expressions	expr

- Keys in equation mode do:

	equalities		assignments		expressions

ENTER	computes expr-expr	compute expr;		computes expr
				store value in var
				do VIEW var
SHOW	shows checksum and size
SOLVE	prompts for variable and solves the equation for the variable
XEQ	computes expr-expr	compute var-expr	computes expr
\.S	enter lower and upper bound then execute this function: it prompts
	for variable and solves the equation for the variable

The solver works by keying off variables appearing in RCL (for
equations) or INPUT (for program).  It builds a list of all mentioned
variables (except for the one being solved for).  It then prompts for
each varaible by doing an INPUT on the variable.  INPUT works by
VIEWing the variable.  You can press R/S to use the value, key in an
expression for a new variable, or press ENTER and use the current
value to compute a new value.  R/S continues.

When you execute the solver on an equation, the solver drops you out
of equation mode.  You must re-enter equation mode before trying
another "what if?"  While annoying, this is somewhat of a Hobson's
choice as many people want to be able to do something with the result,
too.

Other notes:

This machine was going to be called the "HP32+". However, the same
force that dropped the "-" from the part number also indicated that
only numbers and letters could appear in part numbers.

"Orange" is officially "Mandarin" (early) or "Coral" (later) -32S's.

Reasons for the upgrade [Eric Vogel]: improve actual functionality,
perceived functionality, and accessability of commonly used functions.
Wound up adding algebraic solver, units, fractions, root finder,
population standard deviation, xth root of y, brought functions out of
menus to faceplate (23 menus reduced to 14, no nested menus), larger
pixels in display.

If the code name is correct, it is a (possibly unintentional) metaphor
for the machine itself: a -32S with shorter key sequences.

When you look closely into the machine, it is clear that equations and
fractions are "pasted on."  For example, you can't enter fraction
constants into a program.  That said, the engineers did a very good
job and you really have to look hard to find these "seams."

In the summer of 1991, HP offered a "trade in" program whereby all
32SII owners could trade their units in on one with new ROMs.

In my opinion, this is the best overall RPN calculator ever made.

Recent models use blue and white instead of orange and blue color schemes.